Napoleon (detail), Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps or Bonaparte at the St Bernard Pass, , oil on canvas, x cm (Chateau de Malmaison, Rueil-Malmaison) Bonaparte’s gloveless right hand points up towards the invisible summit, more for us to follow, one feels, than the soldiers in the distance Feb 12, · Napoleon Bonaparte during the Italian campaign in #4 As First Consul, Napoleon became the head of the Republican government in France. By June , Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes was the most influential figure of the French Directory, a five-member committee which governed blogger.com his return from an expedition in Egypt, Napoleon got together in an alliance with Sieyès, his brother Napoleon Bonaparte, he excelled in both fields. There is little wonder as to why the name “Napoleonic Wars” exists. Throughout the majority of the early nineteenth-century, Napoleon ruled the battlefield, using superior strategic and tactical planning over his enemies. The most notable of these examples include the Battle of
Napoleon - Wikipedia
Napoleon III Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April — 9 January was the first president of France as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte from to and the emperor of the French from to A nephew of Napoleon Iessay on napoleon bonaparte, he was the last monarch to reign over France, essay on napoleon bonaparte. Elected to the presidency of the Second Republic inhe seized power by force inwhen he could not constitutionally be reelected; he later proclaimed himself Emperor of the French.
He founded the Second Empirereigning until the defeat of the French Army and his capture by Prussia and its allies at the Battle of Sedan in Napoleon III was a popular monarch, who used plebiscites to guide his actions, oversaw the modernisation of the French economy and worked to have the centre of Paris rebuilt following the guidelines of the Napoleon III style.
He expanded the French overseas empire and made the French merchant navy the second largest in the world, engaged in the Second Italian War of Independence as well as the disastrous Franco-Prussian Warin which he commanded his soldiers during the fight and was captured.
Napoleon III commissioned a grand reconstruction of Paris carried out by the man he appointed as prefect of the Seine, Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmannaccompanied by an elaborate system of parks and gardens. He launched similar public works projects in all other major cities in France. He expanded and consolidated the railway system throughout the nation, as well as acted to modernize the banking system.
Napoleon III promoted the building of the Suez Canal and established modern agriculture, which ended famines in France and made the country an agricultural exporter. He negotiated the Cobden—Chevalier Free Trade Agreement with Britain and similar agreements with France's other European trading partners. Social reforms included giving French workers the right to strike and the right to organize.
The first female students were admitted at the Sorbonne and educational opportunities for women were increased, as was the list of required subjects in public schools. In foreign policy, essay on napoleon bonaparte, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and around the world.
In Europe, he allied with Britain and defeated Russia in the Crimean War — His regime assisted Italian unification by defeating the Austrian Empire in the Franco-Austrian War and later annexed Savoy and Nice through the Treaty of Turin as its deferred reward.
At the same time, his forces defended the Papal States against annexation by Italy. He was also favourable towards the union of the Danubian Principalitieswhich resulted in the establishment of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Napoleon III doubled the area of the French overseas empire with expansions in Asia, the Pacific essay on napoleon bonaparte Africa. On the other hand, the intervention in Mexicowhich aimed to create a Second Mexican Empire under French protection, ended in total failure.
FromNapoleon III had to face the mounting power of Prussia as its Chancellor Otto von Bismarck sought German unification under Prussian leadership. In JulyNapoleon III reluctantly declared war on Prussia after pressure by the public.
Without allies and with inferior military forces, the French Army was rapidly defeated as Napoleon III was captured at Sedan.
He was swiftly dethroned and the Third Republic was proclaimed in Paris. He went into exile in Englandwhere he died in Charles-Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, later known as Louis Napoleon and then Napoleon III, was born in Paris on the night of 19—20 April His father was Louis Bonapartethe younger brother of Napoleon Bonapartewho made Louis the king of Holland from until His mother was Hortense de Beauharnaisthe only daughter of Napoleon's wife Joséphine by her first marriage to Alexandre de Beauharnais.
As empress, Joséphine proposed the marriage as a way to produce an heir for the Emperor, who agreed, as Joséphine was by then infertile. They had a difficult relationship and only lived together for brief periods. Their first son Napoléon Charles Bonaparte died in and—though separated and parents of a healthy second son, Napoléon-Louis Essay on napoleon bonapartethey decided to have a third child. They essay on napoleon bonaparte their marriage for a brief time in Toulouse starting essay on napoleon bonaparte the 12 of August and Louis was born prematurely, at least three weeks short of nine months.
His mother was known to have lovers and Louis Napoleon's enemies, including Victor Hugospread the gossip that he was the child of a different man, but most historians essay on napoleon bonaparte today that he was the legitimate son of Louis Bonaparte.
Charles-Louis was baptized at the Palace of Fontainebleau on 5 Novemberwith Emperor Napoleon serving as his godfather and Empress Marie-Louise as his godmother.
His father stayed away, once again separated from Hortense. At the age of seven, Louis Napoleon visited his uncle at the Tuileries Palace in Paris. Napoleon held him up to the window to see the soldiers parading in the courtyard of the Carousel below. He last saw his uncle with the family at the Château de Malmaisonshortly before Napoleon departed for the Battle of Waterloo. All members of the Bonaparte dynasty were forced into exile after the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo and the Bourbon Restoration of monarchy in France.
Hortense and Louis Napoleon moved from Aix to Bern to Badenessay on napoleon bonaparte, and finally to a lakeside house at Arenenberg in the Swiss canton of Thurgau. He received some essay on napoleon bonaparte his education in Germany at the gymnasium school at AugsburgBavaria. As a result, for the rest of his life, his French had a slight but noticeable German accent. His tutor at home was Philippe Le Basan ardent republican and the son of a revolutionary and close friend of Robespierre.
Le Bas taught him French history and radical politics. Louis Bonaparte —the younger brother of Napoleon Bonapartethe King of Holland, and father of Napoleon III. Hortense de Beauharnais —mother to Louis Napoleon in The lakeside essay on napoleon bonaparte at ArenenbergSwitzerland, where Louis Napoleon spent much of his youth and exile.
When Louis Napoleon was fifteen, his mother Hortense moved to Romewhere the Bonapartes had a villa. He passed his time learning Italianexploring the ancient ruins and learning the arts of essay on napoleon bonaparte and essay on napoleon bonaparte affairs, which he used often in his later life.
He became friends with the French Ambassador, essay on napoleon bonaparte, François-René Chateaubriandthe essay on napoleon bonaparte of romanticism in French literaturewith whom he remained in contact for many years. He was reunited with his older brother Napoléon-Louis ; together they became involved with the Carbonarisecret revolutionary societies fighting Austria's domination of Northern Italy.
In the spring ofwhen he was twenty-three, the Austrian and papal governments launched an offensive against the Carbonari. The two brothers, wanted by the police, were forced to flee. During their flight, Napoléon-Louis contracted measles. He died in his brother's arms on 17 March Hortense and Louis Napoleon traveled incognito to Paris, where the old regime of King Charles X had just fallen and been replaced by the more liberal regime of King Louis Philippe, the sole monarch of the July Monarchy.
They arrived in Paris on 23 Apriland took up residence under the name "Hamilton" in the Hotel du Holland on Place Vendôme, essay on napoleon bonaparte. Hortense wrote an appeal to the King, asking to stay in France, and Louis Napoleon offered to volunteer as an ordinary soldier in the French Army. The new King agreed to meet secretly with Hortense; Louis Napoleon had a fever and did not join them.
The King finally agreed that Hortense and Louis Napoleon could stay in Paris as long as their stay was brief and incognito. Louis-Napoleon was told that he could join the French Army if he would simply change his name, something he indignantly refused to do.
Hortense and Louis Napoleon remained in Paris until 5 May, the tenth anniversary of the death of Napoleon Bonaparte. The presence of Hortense and Louis Napoleon in the hotel had become known, and a public demonstration of mourning for the Emperor took place on Place Vendôme in front of their hotel. The same day, Hortense and Louis Napoleon were ordered to leave Paris, essay on napoleon bonaparte.
They went to Britain briefly, essay on napoleon bonaparte, and then back into exile in Switzerland. Ever since the fall of Napoleon ina Bonapartist movement had existed in France, essay on napoleon bonaparte, hoping to return a Bonaparte to the throne. According to the essay on napoleon bonaparte of succession established by Napoleon I, the claim passed first to his own son, declared "King of Rome" at birth by his father.
This heir, essay on napoleon bonaparte, known by Bonapartists as Napoleon IIwas living in virtual imprisonment at the court of Vienna under the title Duke of Reichstadt. Next in line was Napoleon I's eldest brother Joseph Bonaparte —followed by Louis Bonaparte —but neither Joseph nor Louis had any interest in re-entering public life.
When the Duke of Reichstadt died inCharles-Louis Napoleon became the de facto heir of the dynasty and the leader of the Bonapartist cause. In exile with his mother in Switzerland, he enrolled in the Swiss Army, trained to become an officer, and wrote a manual of artillery his uncle Napoleon had become famous as an artillery officer.
Louis Napoleon also began writing about his political philosophy — for as the early twentieth century English historian H. Fisher suggested, "the programme of the Empire was not the improvisation of a vulgar adventurer" but the result of deep reflection on the Napoleonic political philosophy and on how to adjust it to the changed domestic and international scenes.
He based his doctrine upon two ideas: universal suffrage and the primacy of the national interest. He called for a "monarchy which procures the advantages of the Republic without the inconveniences", a regime "strong without despotism, free without anarchy, independent without conquest". I believe I am one of those men. If I am wrong, I can perish uselessly. If I am right, then providence will put me into a position to fulfill my mission. He began to plan a coup against King Louis-Philippe.
He planned for his uprising essay on napoleon bonaparte begin in Strasbourg. The colonel of a regiment was brought over to the cause. On 29 OctoberLouis Napoleon arrived in Strasbourg, in the uniform of an artillery officer; he rallied the regiment to his side. The prefecture was seized, and the prefect arrested.
Unfortunately for Louis-Napoleon, the general commanding the garrison escaped and called in a loyal regiment, which surrounded the mutineers. The mutineers surrendered and Louis-Napoleon fled back to Switzerland. King Louis-Philippe demanded that the Swiss government return Louis Napoleon to France, but the Swiss pointed out that he was a Swiss soldier and citizen, and refused to hand him over.
Louis-Philippe responded by sending an army to the Swiss border. Louis Napoleon thanked his Swiss hosts, and voluntarily left the country. The other mutineers were put on trial in Alsaceand were all acquitted. Louis Napoleon traveled first to London, then to Braziland then to New York. He moved into a hotel, where he met the elite of New York society and the writer Washington Irving.
While he was traveling to see more of the United States, he received word that his mother was very ill, essay on napoleon bonaparte. He hurried as quickly as he could back to Switzerland. He reached Arenenberg in time to be with his mother on 5 Augustessay on napoleon bonaparte, when she died.
She was finally buried in Reuilin France, next to her mother, on 11 Januarybut Louis Napoleon could not attend, because he was not allowed into France.
Louis Napoleon returned to London for a new period of exile in October He essay on napoleon bonaparte inherited a large fortune from his mother and took a house with seventeen servants and several of his old friends and fellow conspirators. He was received by London society and met the political and scientific leaders of the day, including Benjamin Disraeli and Michael Faraday.
He also did considerable research into the economy of Britain.
Napoleon Bonaparte - The French Revolution - Class 9 History
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Oct 12, · His family bought nationalized church lands. By , Napoleon got himself elected as the lieutenant colonel of the National Guard. But there was a problem. Napoleon and the Bonaparte family clashed with Pasquale Paoli, the leading Corsican politician. Paoli had led independent Corsica back in the day, from to Feb 12, · Napoleon Bonaparte during the Italian campaign in #4 As First Consul, Napoleon became the head of the Republican government in France. By June , Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes was the most influential figure of the French Directory, a five-member committee which governed blogger.com his return from an expedition in Egypt, Napoleon got together in an alliance with Sieyès, his brother Napoleon (detail), Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps or Bonaparte at the St Bernard Pass, , oil on canvas, x cm (Chateau de Malmaison, Rueil-Malmaison) Bonaparte’s gloveless right hand points up towards the invisible summit, more for us to follow, one feels, than the soldiers in the distance
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